Friday, November 29, 2019

Investigate if there is any correlation between the GDP per capita ($) of a country and the life expectancy at birth (years) Essay Example

Investigate if there is any correlation between the GDP per capita ($) of a country and the life expectancy at birth (years) Essay My aim is to investigate if there is any correlation between the GDP per capita ($) of a country and the life expectancy at birth (years). The GDP is the gross domestic product or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. GDP dollar ($) estimates are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations. The GDP per capita ($) shows GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population. The life expectancy at birth shows the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. It shows the life expectancy on average for the total population for male and females. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigate if there is any correlation between the GDP per capita ($) of a country and the life expectancy at birth (years) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investigate if there is any correlation between the GDP per capita ($) of a country and the life expectancy at birth (years) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investigate if there is any correlation between the GDP per capita ($) of a country and the life expectancy at birth (years) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The reason for doing this investigation is that I have seen a lot of documentaries and read a lot of articles in the newspaper which have talked about how the gap between rich and poor has increased. This has led to a poorer quality of life in developing countries. So I wanted to see if there was any link between how rich a country is per person and what on average is the life expectancy for a person is in that country. This will help me get a better understanding of how rich a country is how much it affects the quality of life. This is the reason why I think the investigation is worth doing. Data collection: The data I collected was the GDP per capita using the purchasing power parity ($) and the life expectancy at birth (years). I have collected data for these two variables from the whole world. So my population is defined as the whole world. I obtained the data from the www.CIA.gov and clicked on the world fact book. I got 239 pieces of data originally for both then I had to reject 11 pieces of data for both because some countries did not have any data for the GDP. So from the 228 I used a sampling method of choosing every 4th country on the list until I narrowed my sample to 50 countries. I chose every 4th number because when you divide 228 by 50 and choose the integer number you get 4 this ensures this is a random sampled number which provides the most representative sample from the population. I used a systematic sampling method. The list was in alphabetical order and not in rank order for both variables so by using this method Im not creating any bias. Since the data is from the CI A website I must presume that the data is accurate and reliable. Here is a table of my data which has been systematically sampled to show 50 pairs of data: Country GDP per capita, Purchasing Power Parity ($) Life expectancy at birth (years) American Samoa 8000 75.75 Anguilla 8600 76.7 Armenia 3600 66.68 Bahamas, The 15300 65.71 Barbados 15000 71.84 Benin 1100 51.08 Bolivia 2500 64.78 British Virgin Islands 16000 76.06 Burma 1700 55.79 Cameroon 1700 48.05 Central African Republic 1200 41.71 China 4700 72.22 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 600 48.93 Cote dIvoire 1400 42.65 Djibouti 1300 43.13 East Timor 500 65.2 El Salvador 4600 70.62 Ethiopia 700 41.24 French Guiana 14400 76.69 Gambia, The 1800 54.38 Ghana 2000 56.53 Grenada 5000 64.52 Guatemala 3900 65.23 Guinea-Bissau 700 46.97 Honduras 2500 66.65 India 2600 63.62 Iraq 2400 67.81 Jersey 24800 78.93 Kenya 1100 45.22 Korea, South 19600 75.36 Laos 1800 54.3 Liberia 1000 48.15 Macau 18500 81.87 Malaysia 8800 71.67 Malta 17200 78.43 Martinique 10700 78.72 Mayotte 600 60.6 Monaco 27000 79.27 Morocco 3900 70.04 Nauru 5000 61.95 New Caledonia 14000 73.52 Nigeria 900 51.01 Pakistan 2000 62.2 Papua New Guinea 2100 64.19 Philippines 4600 69.29 Reunion 5600 73.43 Saint Helena 2500 77.38 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11000 78.11 San Marino 34600 81.43 Saudi Arabia 11400 68.73 Modelling procedures: I am going to do a scatter diagram of GDP per capita against life expectancy at birth for my 50 pairs of data to see if there is any correlation. A scatter diagram is an appropriate modeling procedure as it shows a clear relationship between two random variables. As you can see from the scatter diagram the points form a relationship which appears to be a curve so to try to establish a more linear relationship. I am going to do this by first logging my data for the GDP per capita and not logging the life expectancy data and then do a scatter diagram of this data. I am then going to log the life expectancy data but not the GDP per capita data and do a scatter diagram of this data. Then finally I am going to log both my data for GDP per capita and the life expectancy at birth and do a scatter diagram. I am going to check which scatter diagram gives the strongest linear correlation and thats the data Im going to chose. Country Life expectancy at birth (years) Log of GDP per capita, Purchasing Power Parity ($) American Samoa 75.75 3.903089987 Anguilla 76.7 3.934498451 Armenia 66.68 3.556302501 Bahamas, The 65.71 4.184691431 Barbados 71.84 4.176091259 Benin 51.08 3.041392685 Bolivia 64.78 3.397940009 British Virgin Islands 76.06 4.204119983 Burma 55.79 3.230448921 Cameroon 48.05 3.230448921 Central African Republic 41.71 3.079181246 China 72.22 3.672097858 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 48.93 2.77815125 Cote dIvoire 42.65 3.146128036 Djibouti 43.13 3.113943352 East Timor 65.2 2.698970004 El Salvador 70.62 3.662757832 Ethiopia 41.24 2.84509804 French Guiana 76.69 4.158362492 Gambia, The 54.38 3.255272505 Ghana 56.53 3.301029996 Grenada 64.52 3.698970004 Guatemala 65.23 3.591064607 Guinea-Bissau 46.97 2.84509804 Honduras 66.65 3.397940009 India 63.62 3.414973348 Iraq 67.81 3.380211242 Jersey 78.93 4.394451681 Kenya 45.22 3.041392685 Korea, South 75.36 4.292256071 Laos 54.3 3.255272505 Liberia 48.15 3 Macau 81.87 4.267171728 Malaysia 71.67 3.944482672 Malta 78.43 4.235528447 Martinique 78.72 4.029383778 Mayotte 60.6 2.77815125 Monaco 79.27 4.431363764 Morocco 70.04 3.591064607 Nauru 61.95 3.698970004 New Caledonia 73.52 4.146128036 Nigeria 51.01 2.954242509 Pakistan 62.2 3.301029996 Papua New Guinea 64.19 3.322219295 Philippines 69.29 3.662757832 Reunion 73.43 3.748188027 Saint Helena 77.38 3.397940009 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 78.11 4.041392685 San Marino 81.43 4.539076099 Saudi Arabia 68.73 4.056904851 Country GDP per capita, Purchasing Power Parity ($) Log of Life expectancy at birth Log (years) American Samoa 8000 1.879382637 Anguilla 8600 1.884795364 Armenia 3600 1.823995591 Bahamas, The 15300 1.817631467 Barbados 15000 1.856366324 Benin 1100 1.708250889 Bolivia 2500 1.811440944 British Virgin Islands 16000 1.881156321 Burma 1700 1.746556361 Cameroon 1700 1.681693392 Central African Republic 1200 1.62024019 China 4700 1.858657484 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 600 1.689575216 Cote dIvoire 1400 1.629919036 Djibouti 1300 1.634779458 East Timor 500 1.814247596 El Salvador 4600 1.848927713 Ethiopia 700 1.615318657 French Guiana 14400 1.884738738 Gambia, The 1800 1.735439203 Ghana 2000 1.752278985 Grenada 5000 1.809694359 Guatemala 3900 1.814447379 Guinea-Bissau 700 1.67182056 Honduras 2500 1.823800154 India 2600 1.803593665 Iraq 2400 1.831293744 Jersey 24800 1.897242103 Kenya 1100 1.655330558 Korea, South 19600 1.87714089 Laos 1800 1.73479983 Liberia 1000 1.682596291 Macau 18500 1.91312479 Malaysia 8800 1.855337404 Malta 17200 1.894482215 Martinique 10700 1.896085085 Mayotte 600 1.782472624 Monaco 27000 1.899108858 Morocco 3900 1.845346137 Nauru 5000 1.792041311 New Caledonia 14000 1.866405498 Nigeria 900 1.707655324 Pakistan 2000 1.793790385 Papua New Guinea 2100 1.807467376 Philippines 4600 1.840670561 Reunion 5600 1.865873528 Saint Helena 2500 1.888628725 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11000 1.892706638 San Marino 34600 1.910784435 Saudi Arabia 11400 1.837146344 Country Log of GDP per capita, Purchasing Power Parity Log ($) Log of Life expectancy at birth Log (years) American Samoa 3.903089987 1.879382637 Anguilla 3.934498451 1.884795364 Armenia 3.556302501 1.823995591 Bahamas, The 4.184691431 1.817631467 Barbados 4.176091259 1.856366324 Benin 3.041392685 1.708250889 Bolivia 3.397940009 1.811440944 British Virgin Islands 4.204119983 1.881156321 Burma 3.230448921 1.746556361 Cameroon 3.230448921 1.681693392 Central African Republic 3.079181246 1.62024019 China 3.672097858 1.858657484 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 2.77815125 1.689575216 Cote dIvoire 3.146128036 1.629919036 Djibouti 3.113943352 1.634779458 East Timor 2.698970004 1.814247596 El Salvador 3.662757832 1.848927713 Ethiopia 2.84509804 1.615318657 French Guiana 4.158362492 1.884738738 Gambia, The 3.255272505 1.735439203 Ghana 3.301029996 1.752278985 Grenada 3.698970004 1.809694359 Guatemala 3.591064607 1.814447379 Guinea-Bissau 2.84509804 1.67182056 Honduras 3.397940009 1.823800154 India 3.414973348 1.803593665 Iraq 3.380211242 1.831293744 Jersey 4.394451681 1.897242103 Kenya 3.041392685 1.655330558 Korea, South 4.292256071 1.87714089 Laos 3.255272505 1.73479983 Liberia 3 1.682596291 Macau 4.267171728 1.91312479 Malaysia 3.944482672 1.855337404 Malta 4.235528447 1.894482215 Martinique 4.029383778 1.896085085 Mayotte 2.77815125 1.782472624 Monaco 4.431363764 1.899108858 Morocco 3.591064607 1.845346137 Nauru 3.698970004 1.792041311 New Caledonia 4.146128036 1.866405498 Nigeria 2.954242509 1.707655324 Pakistan 3.301029996 1.793790385 Papua New Guinea 3.322219295 1.807467376 Philippines 3.662757832 1.840670561 Reunion 3.748188027 1.865873528 Saint Helena 3.397940009 1.888628725 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4.041392685 1.892706638 San Marino 4.539076099 1.910784435 Saudi Arabia 4.056904851 1.837146344 You can see from the scatter diagrams that the log of GDP per capita against the life expectancy shows the strongest linear correlation so that is the one I am going to choose. Therefore this means that I am going to use the data for log of GDP per capita and the life expectancy at birth. From the scatter diagram I can see that there is a positive correlation between the two variables. From looking at the scatter diagram I can see that the data takes an elliptical shape. Since the ellipse appears to be quite narrow it implies that there is a good positive correlation i.e. as one variable increases, so does the other. Therefore the data shows a clear linear relationship. Another technique that I am going to use is a histogram because you are able to see the distribution clearly and able to determine whether I can use Pearsons product moment correlation (PMCC) or Spearmans coefficient of rank order. I am going to draw a histogram for each variable and if the distribution is not normally distributed I shall use Spearmans and if it is I shall use PMCC. As the histograms roughly show a normal distribution I am going to use PMCC method. Analysis: Now I am going to calculate the PMCC with the help of Microsoft Excel. x y x2 y2 XY 75.75 3.903089987 5738.063 15.23411 295.6591 76.7 3.934498451 5882.89 15.48028 301.776 66.68 3.556302501 4446.222 12.64729 237.1343 65.71 4.184691431 4317.804 17.51164 274.9761 71.84 4.176091259 5160.986 17.43974 300.0104 51.08 3.041392685 2609.166 9.250069 155.3543 64.78 3.397940009 4196.448 11.546 220.1186 76.06 4.204119983 5785.124 17.67462 319.7654 55.79 3.230448921 3112.524 10.4358 180.2267 48.05 3.230448921 2308.803 10.4358 155.2231 41.71 3.079181246 1739.724 9.481357 128.4326 72.22 3.672097858 5215.728 13.4843 265.1989 48.93 2.77815125 2394.145 7.718124 135.9349 42.65 3.146128036 1819.023 9.898122 134.1824 43.13 3.113943352 1860.197 9.696643 134.3044 65.2 2.698970004 4251.04 7.284439 175.9728 70.62 3.662757832 4987.184 13.41579 258.664 41.24 2.84509804 1700.738 8.094583 117.3318 76.69 4.158362492 5881.356 17.29198 318.9048 54.38 3.255272505 2957.184 10.5968 177.0217 56.53 3.301029996 3195.641 10.8968 186.6072 64.52 3.698970004 4162.83 13.68238 238.6575 65.23 3.591064607 4254.953 12.89575 234.2451 46.97 2.84509804 2206.181 8.094583 133.6343 66.65 3.397940009 4442.223 11.546 226.4727 63.62 3.414973348 4047.504 11.66204 217.2606 67.81 3.380211242 4598.196 11.42583 229.2121 78.93 4.394451681 6229.945 19.31121 346.8541 45.22 3.041392685 2044.848 9.250069 137.5318 75.36 4.292256071 5679.13 18.42346 323.4644 54.3 3.255272505 2948.49 10.5968 176.7613 48.15 3 2318.423 9 144.45 81.87 4.267171728 6702.697 18.20875 349.3533 71.67 3.944482672 5136.589 15.55894 282.7011 78.43 4.235528447 6151.265 17.9397 332.1925 78.72 4.029383778 6196.838 16.23593 317.1931 60.6 2.77815125 3672.36 7.718124 168.356 79.27 4.431363764 6283.733 19.63698 351.2742 70.04 3.591064607 4905.602 12.89575 251.5182 61.95 3.698970004 3837.803 13.68238 229.1512 73.52 4.146128036 5405.19 17.19038 304.8233 51.01 2.954242509 2602.02 8.727549 150.6959 62.2 3.301029996 3868.84 10.8968 205.3241 64.19 3.322219295 4120.356 11.03714 213.2533 69.29 3.662757832 4801.104 13.41579 253.7925 73.43 3.748188027 5391.965 14.04891 275.2294 77.38 3.397940009 5987.664 11.546 262.9326 78.11 4.041392685 6101.172 16.33285 315.6732 81.43 4.539076099 6630.845 20.60321 369.617 68.73 4.056904851 4723.813 16.45848 278.8311 Totals 3224.34 179.0276425 215012.6 653.5361 11793.26 This shows that my variables have a good positive correlation. I am now going to carry out a hypothesis test on the correlation coefficient to see if there is enough evidence from my sample to conclude that there is correlation in the whole population. : ? = 0 (There is no correlation between the two variables in all the countries in the world) : ? 0 (Positive Correlation) N= 50 I will be doing a one tail test at the 5% significant level So the critical value = 0.2353 So 0.833872644 0.2353 Therefore I can conclude that there is enough evidence from the sample to say that I accept that there is a positive correlation. Regression line The equation of the regression line is: As you can see on the page here is my scatter diagram with the regression line drawn on it which was all done in excel. This is Y upon X regression line. Interpretation: From the investigation that I have carried out I have discovered that that there is a positive correlation between my two sets of data which is shown on my graph and regression line. The aim of my investigation was to see if there is any correlation between the GDP per capita ($) of a country and the life expectancy at birth (years). I can now confidently say that I have achieved my aim as there is a positive correlation as predicted. The sample that I took is of the whole world and is a good representation of the whole population. By using the correlation results I can predict if there was a country with a low GDP then it is expected that they have a low average life expectancy. This trend would be expected for every country in a similar position but some countries may incur lower life expectancies than normal due to some external factor e.g. war, outbreak of a new disease or some sort of natural disaster. But regardless of these exceptions they shall not affect the overall correlation. I think that this data was worth investigating and collecting because I now realise how important the GDP per capita of a country is in affecting how long a person lives and how the higher the GDP the better the quality of life is for a person. This investigation has shown that people living in developing countries are more likely to die at a young age and will not have such a high quality of life as we enjoy in a country like the UK. I also think this investigation will act as very good evidence to try and convince richer nations to help poorer ones. This data should be given to an organisation like the United Nations to try an act as a catalyst to convince them to do something about this before it is too late. Accuracy and refinements: One possible source of error was that the data may have been displayed incorrectly on the website or I may have copied it incorrectly. I would improve this by comparing data from a number of different sources to ensure accurate and reliable results. The sampling method that I used could have been a possible source of error. This is because my systematic sample only included every 4th so for example every 3rd did not have a chance to be chosen. I could have improved my sampling method by using simple random sampling instead of systematic sampling. Simple random sampling ensures that every item of data has an equal chance of being chosen. This is a very important factor in ensuring the reliability of my work. Even though the data is very reliable there are some improvements that could be made. First of all the data was only collected for a given year in my case it was for 2003. For more accurate data I could have used data over five years to see if there is actually a difference and to see if for example at that given years there may have been a low life expectancy due to an external factor like war or disease. Also the sample was only from 228 countries and there are more countries in the world so a more fair representation would be to random sample from every country in the world. This was not possible because my source did not include some of these countries due to political reasons and from lack of information for those countries. In my investigation I had to reject 11 statistics for 11 countries this reduced the randomness of my sample. I would improve this by making sure that data was available for every item in the parent population. Overall I am very happy with the accuracy and reliability of my data because I got it from a very reliable source which was www.CIA.gov. Having a reliable source for my data enables me to achieve my aim of a positive correlation.

Monday, November 25, 2019

violence, the media gaze ignores the crimes of more powerful groups in society Essays

By focusing on street crime/violence, the media gaze ignores the crimes of more powerful groups in society Essays By focusing on street crime/violence, the media gaze ignores the crimes of more powerful groups in society Essay By focusing on street crime/violence, the media gaze ignores the crimes of more powerful groups in society Essay In order to discuss the above proposition, with reference to crimes such as domestic violence and child abuse, I shall need to investigate several themes and discourses ; essentially the term dangerousness and why, when we focus on a particular site of crime, do we marginalize other potential sites? I will also be looking at how we define the more powerful groups in society; what is perceived as real crime and does family violence/abuse fall within these parameters. Does the media focus on street crime and violence, ensuring that the crimes of the powerful stay out of the publics vision, and if so, why? The issues surrounding crime, the powerful and, indeed offences within the home are contested and complex. To enable us to look at why the media ignores crimes of the more powerful members of society, I will consider the feminist view of conjugal violence and child abuse, then touch upon the area of corporate crime, in order to exhume the hidden crimes of the powerful. Thus, showing crime can, and does, occur at every level of society, regardless of status, race, age or gender; whether it is acknowledged or not. A basic definition of crime, as described by Tappan, is Black Letter Law; an act punishable by law; it is at the states discretion to label those who are deviant (Tappan, 1947, p100). People of a prominent rank within the state are empowered to be able to determine who and what are criminalised; further more they are capable of deciding who are classed as the powerful members of society. In this instance, we can assume these powerful members of society to be, politicians, law makers, agents of social control (etc. ), who control what is deemed right or wrong. a crime has only been committed if the law states so. Modern ideas regarding crime came in the early nineteenth century, with the growth of cities and urbanization; although seen as progression, it was also deemed a site of danger, where crime and disorder was common. The theme of dangerousness, not only covers places, but also people. It sets certain members of society apart from others; they were known as, the dangerous classes, the underclass or social residuum, as described by Murray, These poor people didnt lack just money. They were defined by their behaviour, (Murray, Criminological Perspectives, p127). Images of the dangerous classes were projected to the public, where they were considered to be a threat to the moral, public and legal order of society; some of these perceptions are evident today. When we view crime in the city, through the theme of dangerousness, some types of crime are focused upon, while others are pushed into the background. The media and the public tend to concentrate on street crime; mugging or burglary, which is visible. In contrast, white collar or corporate crimes, such as fraud are invisible, even though they are a prominent characteristic of the city. As Box points out, For too long too many people have been socialized to see crime and criminals through the eyes of the state, (Box, 1983, p281). There is a vast diversity in sites and types of criminal activity; ranging from inner city slum areas to the boardroom and from drug use to fraud. It is the above mentioned dominant groups within society, who are authorized to deem a particular activity criminal or a site to be prone to these activities. Alongside this, they are also of a status where they can pass laws that safeguard their own. People in power not only have the ability to criminalize, they are also in a prime position to hide their crimes. The politically powerful can hide their offences, such as illegal arms-dealing, from the public, through directing the media towards other areas of crime, as discussed in a previous assignment. The economic influential groups can conceal their misdemeanours, like fraud, behind regulations and multifaceted business laws. However, it is not only at this level of society that power exists; within the home there are micro relations of power; between partners and among the adults and children. These power relations can result in domestic violence crimes and child abuse never being discussed, reported to the police or punished by the law. The above examples imply that dominant conceptions of crime, especially those that repeatedly appeal to the media, are blurred by which crime is publicly detectable. It is telling, that until recently, domestic violence and corporate crime featured in few court cases. Dangerousness is not only a feature of city life; it also features within the home. A fact which has only recently been acknowledged and discussed, as public and political disquiet has lay elsewhere. Previously, the family has been thought of as a private and secure sanctuary, where no state intervention was required, as stated by Blagg and Smith (1989), an image of a settled, harmonious, wholesome and ord erly unit without needing interference of the state and its army of functionaries to prop it up, (Blagg and Smith, 1989, p23). Unfortunately, this is not the case for many families and it was not until the end of the nineteenth Century and latter part of the twentieth Century that community anxieties arose. Before these times, there was an unmistakable division between public and private; an assault on the street was criminalized, but within a family, it was not. The feminist movement played a key role in bringing domestic violence to the forefront of public thought; prior to this, people did not wish to think of crime taking place within the home, as this challenged the image of the ideal family. As Segal (1990) points out, it is startling to realize that rape and mens violence towards women became a serious social and political issue only through feminist attention to them, (Segal, 1990, p211). How are these types of crime defined, because if we take the normal family discourse, some violence is seen as commonplace, whereas a welfare discourse would class it as abuse, rather than violence. Feminists were particularly critical of this view, as by dismissing family violence as family problems, the power relations of age and gender are neglected. There are many contested and complex theories on this matter, thus, it is impossible to give a clear cut definition regarding what constitutes as crime within the home.. In contrast, the feminist discourse view domestic violence and child abuse as exploitation and manipulation of power. Mirlees-Black stated, victims of domestic violence may not define their experiences as crimes, (Mirlees-Black et al. , 1998 p6). This is one of the reasons it is so difficult to obtain a true picture of these types of crime, as many see the violence as the norm. In 1999, statistics from the Home Office, showed that a quarter of violent crime occurred within the home, (Home Office and Cabinet Office Womens Unit, 1999, Chapter 1, p2), but this is probably much higher due to the concealed environment of the family. Also, close relationships between household members make it difficult for victims to come forward. Sufferers may blame themselves or be too frightened to speak out, through fear of retaliation or not being believed; it may be that they are financially dependent on the perpetrator. All of these notions could prevent crimes within the home being reported to the police and consequently make it extremely difficult to gain accurate statistics regarding the level and number of these crimes. Even though surveys may produce more truthful figures, if the correct questions are not asked, we are again left with clouded information. According to Painter (1991), the figures of rape within marriage are much higher than sexual assaults on the street. The feminist discourse sees a connection between crimes within the home and how masculinities are formed. Men within the family are predominantly seen as the powerful members, with women being submissive. As Gordon explains, masculinity refers to, The basis of wife beating is male dominance not superior physical strength or violent temperament but social economic, political and psychological power , (Gordon, 1989, p251). Domestic violence and child abuse is often seen as only affecting the dangerous classes, only occurring in a minority of dysfunctional families; blaming it on the stress of being unemployed leading to alcohol abuse or the woman provoking the situation. This view takes the spotlight away from the more powerful members of society (middle/upper classes), who may be just as likely to be harbouring crime within the home. We have seen how the powerful are able to manipulate what is portrayed in the media; the media are willing to comply as their focus is on subjects that will tantalize readers and it is them that play a significant role in our perception of crime and disorder. The public are more comfortable with hearing about street crime and violence, than crimes within the home and they cannot visualize corporate crime, so perhaps think that it will not affect them. If crimes of the powerful cannot be seen, does this mean they are less real or serious? In actual fact, it is the opposite that is true, as they gain more power and are more dangerous by not being clearly viewed. We have also seen how, through the theme of dangerousness, certain sites of crime are focused upon, while others which are as, if not more, serious, are pushed into the background. Similarly, people that are conceived to be from the dangerous classes, through misguided preconceptions, are seen to be more prone to criminal activity, than the members of the more powerful groups within society. Due to the medias chief representation of violent crime and delinquency, crimes of the powerful are less obvious. Box summarizes this well, Maybe what is stuffed into our consciousness as the crime problem is in fact an illusion, a trick to deflect our attention away from other, even more serious crimes and victimizing behaviours, which objectively cause the vast bulk of avoidable death, injury and deprivation, (Box, Criminological Perspectives, p272s of Boxs mystification can be seen by recent events that have occurred, such as, the Clapham Rail disaster or the sinking of the Marchioness boat. By the powerful not taking responsibility, the blame falls on to the powerless employees. Even though these incidents resulted in death, neither was believed to be real crimes. Box puts the reason behind this down to ideological mystification; low visibility of private working areas, results in negligence being pushed out of the publics vision. Corporate crime is also conveniently well hidden from public view; through its complexity, criminal activities are hard to trace and haphazard regulations make it even easier for offences to go unnoticed. Combined with the ever increasing world of new technology, makes this task of uncovering offences almost impossible. However, although previously concealed, crimes within the home have now come much further to the forefront and have become recognised as such, mainly due to feminists disputing thoughts of the family being a private site; they have made domestic violence and child abuse visible and established them as criminal acts. That is not to say that these offences are easily defined, as they are not and the law has some way to go, before all criminals within the home are brought to justice.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Coaching Log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coaching Log - Essay Example The coaching session began with motivational interviewing that would allow the coach to assess the client's needs as well as make the client aware of what her problem is. Motivational interviewing was again used to help the client realize the solution to the problem. Activity scheduling was then used to help the client create an action plan. In order to remove emotional obstacles like fear of failure or fear of rejection, the client was given problem-solving skills training before the session ended. The subject is a woman named Anne, who has graduated from college and has been working for a consulting company for almost two years now. She has been undergoing a lot of mood changes as well as sleeping disorders. At the beginning of the interview, motivational interviewing (MI) was used to draw out the client's problems and needs. Below, the coach asked some open questions and leading questions in order to help the client verbalize her problems and needs. When I was in college, I tried out a lot of sports. And, there was this one time when I got really hooked with judo. I loved the struggle and the challenge. I loved the way I set myself up for success by doing the right technique at the right time. And, I love the way I can find ways of turning things around when I am about to lose. And, I remember the first time I won a tournament. It was something that I worked hard on and succeeded in. I don't really know. ... And, I love the way I can find ways of turning things around when I am about to lose. And, I remember the first time I won a tournament. It was something that I worked hard on and succeeded in. What do you think would make you feel that way again I don't know. That is what I'm trying to look for. It's frustrating. I want to have some changes in my life but I don't know where to start. When do you usually feel this "emptiness" I don't really know. It just happens. It just hits me. Sometimes, it gets to me at work. It's like my days are always the same. And, I feel that there should be more to my life than this. And, when I get home, I come to an empty place. And, I feel afraid that this is what it's going to be like forever. And, I can't stand it. I want to have something more. Let's start with your workplace. Have you always felt this way about your work Of course not! I was excited. I couldn't wait to interact with the clients. And, I liked the fact that every single client was different. And, the projects I worked on were never the same. But then, after some time, I started feeling that I was saying the same lines and working on the same things. And, somehow, I felt that every day was the same. Why did you suddenly feel that way I don't really know. But, I guess, it's because I have the same approach for each client. The accounts that I'm assigned to are very different but my means of evaluating them and presenting my ideas to them are always the same. Somehow, I found myself doing the saying the same lines everyday. And, it has become very tiring. How can you change the way you see your job I don't know. Do you think you should quit your job No. I do love my job. It has

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Questions on Asian History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Questions on Asian History - Essay Example The Japanese aspirations for Chinese territories culminated in 1920, when Japan invaded Manchuria and finally in 1931, established the state of Manchukuo (Thomas). The establishment of Manchukuo was only a historical precedent, which marked the beginning of the Japanese invasion of China, culminating in 1937. The relations between Japan and the United States between 1900 and 1931 are much more controversial, than the ones with China. Up until WWI, the relations between the two countries were marked by political balance and mutual trade agreements. Until 1930 Japan and the US enjoyed a tradition of good and peaceful relations. During the Meiji dynasty and the modernization of Japan, the country imported knowledge and technology, as well its political ideas from the developed democracies in Europe, but also from the United States. The tradition of friendship and support however was broken after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1930. This act was perceived by the United States as a n act of territorial aggression, and it was controversial to the ideas of universal human rights and liberal institutionalism, which the country was fervently promoting. Japanese human rights violations in China were the main reasons for the rapid deterioration of the Japanese – US relations in the early twentieth century. The relations between Japan and China and Japan and the US between 1900 and 1931 are contrasting. The Japan-Chinese relations were historically marked by hostility not only because of the different paths of modernization that the two countries chose at the end of the nineteenth century, but because of the Japanese imperial ambitions and expansionist policies. The Japanese – American relations however were marked by traditional friendship until 1931. This changed dramatically with the Japanese invasion of Northern China (Manchuria). The invasion was considered by the US as a major violation of the general tendency towards a universal human rights agen da, which was gaining momentum after WWI. How did the Nationalist Party unify China during the 1920s? The unification of China in the 1920s was largely influenced by the ideological platform of the Nationalist Party (the Kuomintang - KMT) which was founded in 1912. This platform professed a unique blend of Chinese nationalism, ethnicity and national unification. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, China was shattered by a series of riots and civil wars between warlords. The popular demand for social and political reforms was growing. Although China did not fight many wars with â€Å"foreigners†, Chinese national identity is based on the ideal of national superiority and the spiritual uniqueness of the Chinese nation, compared to other nations (Hsu, Murphy). This historical perception of Chinese identity became the ideological base of the Chinese Nationalist Party. It was embraced and implemented as such by the first leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party - Dr.  Sun Yat-sen. His vision of a greater Chinese society, bound by the idea of the state, became the political mechanism for the unification of the country in 1928. It was also transformed into a military strategy, resulting in the so-called Northern expedition, which unified China under

Monday, November 18, 2019

Enterprise and Innovation in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Enterprise and Innovation in Practice - Essay Example The company was formed in 1938 by Byung-chull lee as a grocery, and later into a textile in 1947 (Michell, 2011). The company started a diversification strategy that became the company’s growth strategy, swiftly expanding to securities, insurance and retail business. The company further developed a redevelopment strategy with the key focus being industrialization, following Korea destruction after the Korean War. In 1960, Samsung ventured into the electronics industry with the creation of divisions focusing on electronics. These included the Samsung electro-mechanics, Samsung semiconductor and telecommunications that produced black and white TV sets. The growth strategy continued in 1980 when Samsung ventured into telecommunications industry, building telephone switchboards, phone and fax systems and mobile phones. This resulted in heavy investments in research and development, which resulted in cross border expansions to places like New York, England and Portugal. Byung-chull ’s death in 1987 led to the split of the Samsung group into four business groups; engineering, construction, electronics and high-tech products. Growth throughout the 1990s saw Samsung secure high profile construction projects like the Burj Khalifa Tower in UAE. Samsung underwent a reorganization in 1993 that entailed selling off of some auxiliaries and downsizing, with a growth focus on electronics. This made Samsung the largest LCD panels’ manufacturer in the globe (David and Foray, 2005). In 2011, Samsung acquired Sony’s stake in their 50-50 LCD supply partnership and took full control. The future’s focus for Samsung is centered on electronics, mobile and biopharmaceuticals. The most common imperative for firms and businesses entails the need to grow. All firms need to grow, and those that do not struggle to find new human resources and capital. The reason is that, a firm that does not grow is an unattractive investment, and will only

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Human Physiological Function And Homeostasis

Human Physiological Function And Homeostasis The human organism consists of trillions of cells all working together for the maintenance of the entire organism. While cells may perform very different functions, all the cells are quite similar in their metabolic requirements. Maintaining a constant internal environment with all that the cells need to survive (oxygen, glucose, mineral ions, waste removal, and so forth) is necessary for the well-being of individual cells and the well-being of the entire body. The varied processes by which the body regulates its internal environment are collectively referred to as homeostasis. What is Homeostasis? Homeostasis in a general sense refers to stability, balance or equilibrium. It is the bodys attempt to maintain a constant internal environment. Maintaining a stable internal environment requires constant monitoring and adjustments as conditions change. This adjusting of physiological systems within the body is called homeostatic regulation. Homeostatic regulation involves three parts or mechanisms: 1) the receptor, 2) the control center and 3) the effector. The receptor receives information that something in the environment is changing. The control center or integration center receives and processes information from the receptor. And lastly, the effector responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus. This is an ongoing process that continually works to restore and maintain homeostasis. For example, in regulating body temperature there are temperature receptors in the skin, which communicate information to the brain, which is the control center, and the effector is our blood vessels and sweat glands in our skin. Because the internal and external environments of the body are constantly changing and adjustments must be made continuously to stay at or near the set point, homeostasis can be thought of as a dynamic equilibrium. Cells depend on the body environment to live and function. Homeostasis keeps the body environment under control and keeps the conditions right for cells to live and function. Without the right body conditions, certain processes (eg osmosis) and proteins (eg enzymes) will not function properly. All organisms need some control on their internal environmental conditions in order to ensure that they will be able to survive. Since many of the metabolic reactions that occur within an organism depend on the use of enzymes or even the use of other organisms such as prokaryotic bacteria, it is essential that the optimal conditions required for the functioning of that enzyme be provided. Homeostasis therefore, is the tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain relative internal stability, and involves, among other processes, the maintenance of a constant body temperature, glucose concentration, pH, osmotic pressure, oxygen level, and ion concentrations. The ability to maintain a constant internal environment, with which we are most familiar, is that of a constant body temperature in homeothermic organisms. For example, the average body temperature of a human The mechanisms that regulate homeostasis operate by feedback mechanisms. Negative and positive feedback mechanisms operate in living things. Negative feedback mechanisms reverse the direction of the change. This maintains the constant, steady state and so represents homeostasis. Positive feedback, on the other hand, acts to change the variable even more in the direction in which it is changing. Thus, positive feedback is not a homeostatic mechanism. Temperature control is an example of a negative feedback homeostatic mechanism. The region of the brain called the hypothalamus monitors the human bodys temperature. Variation from the normal temperature of 98.6ÂÂ °F (37ÂÂ °C) triggers a response from the hypothalamus. The temperature can be lowered by activation of glands capable of sweating, or raised by signalling muscles to shiver to produce heat. Homeostatic mechanisms are a fundamental characteristic of living things. Without these mechanisms, facets of a body that need to be kept operating in a steady state, such as temperature, salinity, acidity, hormone levels, concentration of gases such as carbon dioxide, and the concentrations of nutrients, would become so unbalanced as to threaten the life of the organism. In a healthy body, homeostatic mechanisms operate automatically at different levels; molecular, cellular, and at the level of the whole organism. At the molecular level, the activity controlled by one gene can be under regulatory control by another gene. At the cellular level, a well-studied homeostatic mechanism is contact inhibition, in which cells stop dividing when they begin to crowd in on each other. Cancer, in which a hallmark is the rampant growth and division of cells, is a condition where the homeostatic mechanism of contact inhibition is inoperative or defective. At the whole organism level, a homeostatic mechanism is a vital part of birth. During labor, the contraction of the uterus causes the release of a hormone called oxytocin from the hypothalamus. The hormone increases contraction frequency, which in turn stimulates the release of more oxytocin. This increasing contraction cycle propels the fetus down the birth canal and into the world. After birth, the oxytocin acts to contract the expanded uterus in order to minimize bleeding, thereby maintaining the mothers blood volume The importance of homeostatic mechanisms to the well being of an organism is underscored by the consequences of their failure. For example, at body temperatures of 107ÂÂ °F (42ÂÂ °C), the negative feedback systems cease to function. The high temperature then acts to speed up the bodys chemistry, raising temperature even more. This, in turn, further accelerates body chemistry, causing a further rise in temperature. This cycle of positive feedback is lethal if not halted. Two hormones are responsible for controlling the concentration of glucose in the blood. These are insulin and glucagon. The diagram illustrates the principle of negative feedback control in action involving blood/sugar levels. Pancreas Receptors The receptors of the pancreas are responsible for monitoring glucose levels in the blood, since it is important in every cell for respiration. Two types of cell release two different hormones from the pancreas, insulin and glucagon. These hormones target the liver, one or the other depending on the glucose concentration In cases where glucose levels increase, less glucagon and more insulin is released by the pancreas and targets the liver In cases where glucose levels decrease, less insulin and more glucagon is released by the pancreas and targets the liver The Liver The liver acts as a storehouse for glycogen, the storage form of glucose. When either of the above hormones target the liver, the following occurs Insulin Insulin is released as a result of an increase in glucose levels, and therefore promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen, where the excess glucose can be stored for a later date in the liver Glucagon Glucagon is released as a result of an decrease in glucose levels, and therefore promotes the conversion of glycogen into glucose, where the lack glucose can be compensated for by the new supply of glucose brought about from glycogen Diabetes Diabetes insipidus is a condition where excess urine is excreted caused by the sufferers inability to produce ADH and promote the retention of water. Diabetes Mellitus is another form of diabetes where the sufferer does not have the ability to produce sufficient insulin, meaning that glucose cannot be converted into glycogen. Anyone who has this condition usually has to take injections of insulin after meals and snacks to maintain their storage of glucose needed in emergencies. Fight or Flight In emergencies, adrenaline is released by the body to override the homeostatic control of glucose. This is done to promote the breakdown of glycogen into glucose to be used in the emergency. These emergencies are often known as fight or flight reactions. Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands. The secretion of it leads to increased metabolism, breathing and heart rate. Once the emergency is over, and adrenaline levels drop, the homeostatic controls are once again back in place Osmoregulation Osmoregulation is the regulation of water concentrations in the bloodstream, effectively controlling the amount of water available for cells to absorb. The homeostatic control of water is as follows A change in water concentration leads to active via negative feedback control Osmoreceptors that are capable of detecting water concentration are situated on the hypothalamus next to the circulatory system The hypothalamus sends chemical messages to the pituitary gland next to it. The pituitary gland secretes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which targets the kidney responsible for maintaining water levels. When the hormone reaches its target tissue, it alters the tubules of the kidney to become more / less permeable to water If more water is required in the blood stream, high concentrations of ADH make the tubules more permeable. If less water is required in the blood stream, low concentrations of ADH make the tubules less permeable. This is illustrated by the flow chart below Evolutionary Adaptations in Water Regulation Some of the tutorial pages in the adaptation tutorial investigate some of the evolutionary adaptations that organisms have achieved through natural selection. This looks at Ways in which both animals and plants can be better adapted to cope with extreme environments (desert or wetlands). These changes can be behavioural, physical or anatomical, and in some way promote water regulation. Both plant and animal adaptations are investigated

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Veronica - Why Doesnt Veronica Leave For The City? Essay -- essays res

The city is an elegant place to live. It calls to the people from the inferior village life. The well led life followed by the city people offers many opportunities compared to the hopelessness of village surroundings. It offers hope, the chance to be independent, the chance of a job. In the story Veronica by Adewale Maja-Pearce, Okekà © the ever lasting friend of Veronica is drawn by the attraction of the city for the opportunities he sees for himself. Veronica on the other hand does not desire to leave their decomposing village for the city. She decides this for a number of reasons. One of the reasons why Veronica decides not to go to the city is due to her lack of education. She feels that the city has nothing to offer her and her place is the village. She says, 'What will I do when I get there, I have no qualifications not even a standard six' She is aware that she needs qualifications to succeed in the city and without them, she sees no point in going. Another reason associated with this is to do with Veronica's expectations. If Veronica's expectations were not so low, she may have gone to the city with Okekà ©. Veronica says, 'They are my family that is enough' This line is an example of Veronica's low expectations. She feels her family is enough and she needs nothing else. Another example of Veronicas low expectations is when Okekà © comes back after ten years to find Veronica with a child a husband. Another example is, 'God has blessed us with a son. Is that not e...

Monday, November 11, 2019

“Words Can Hurt You!”

Have you ever been hurt by someone’s words? Words can’t hurt is a controversial statement. Being criticized for your intelligence, race or even where you live, can hurt you physically or emotionally. When I was little, people would tell me I was fat and ugly. I often felt like a symbol (word, sound or visual device that represents an object, sound, concept, or experience) trapped around referent (thing that a symbol represents). I didn’t feel welcome around a certain group of kids. However, my teachers and family would tell me the exact opposite and say words cannot hurt me, but in reality, they did.I thought (mental process of creating an image, sound, concept, or experience triggered by a referent or symbol) everyday would be a better day at school because some people would be positive towards me, but before I changed my lifestyle it was wishful thinking. Going to school every day was fun most of the time until someone had to say something cruel. I disagree wit h the statement words can’t hurt, because they do. Why do people say words don’t hurt, and how exactly are people hurt by those negative remarks? If words don’t hurt, then why do African-Americans get mad when called â€Å"negro†?All through middle school, I was called â€Å"rat boy† for some odd reason. One person told me it didn’t matter because I didn’t have to listen to them. It was hard to do this through my middle school life. It aggravated me and I wanted to move away and go into a deep state of isolation. Finally in eighth grade, most of my peers saw that it made me angry and they quit. It doesn’t matter the type of person you are, I was a three sport athlete that had good grades and still got made fun of. Over the years, my peers have changed. I got into my college classes and my life became pleasant once again.I met a guy at my best friend’s house that thought I was funny and we connected. Being African America n, he is known as a â€Å"Negro† and knew how I felt when I was called â€Å"rat boy†. I grew up being told negative thoughts about my size. This guy not only makes me feel good about myself on the outside, but has helped me find the little girl who was still lost inside a body full of happiness. I would use profanity (words considered obscene, blasphemous, irreverent, rude, or insensitive) to get other's attention, and not realize it how uglier I sounded.I did it to try and fit in and only made it worse. Since words can hurt people, who started the whole false idea about how they don’t hurt? Words can upset you physically or emotionally or you’ll never forget what the bully said to you. I remember back when I was in first grade, one of the other kids at recess called me small fry; he was older than me and thus bigger. I was angry towards him that whole school year, and it still makes me mad when people call me small fry or short.I was around seven when i t happened, I’m twenty-one now, and I still get disgusted by that kid. In my case I was injured emotionally and I never forgot how much it hurt me. Since then my size has changed, but it is very unbalanced. People now are different and don’t vilify me anymore. All through my education at public schools, I have been ridiculed about my size. Being a junior in college and five foot seven inches, I’m considered average. This time in life I can honestly say, I haven’t encountered bullies near as much.It may have been because I took what was being thrown in my face and changed myself. I try to have a healthier lifestyle, by eating healthier and exercising more frequently. Out of all the names I was called, the two previously mentioned made me upset the most. I’m writing about this to show that I have struggled with my self-esteem because of the names I was labeled. People need to change in order for the remarks to stop completely. To conclude this writin g assignment, I myself disagree with words can’t hurt you because in truth they do. â€Å"Words Can Hurt You!† Have you ever been hurt by someone’s words? Words can’t hurt is a controversial statement. Being criticized for your intelligence, race or even where you live, can hurt you physically or emotionally. When I was little, people would tell me I was fat and ugly. I often felt like a symbol (word, sound or visual device that represents an object, sound, concept, or experience) trapped around referent (thing that a symbol represents). I didn’t feel welcome around a certain group of kids. However, my teachers and family would tell me the exact opposite and say words cannot hurt me, but in reality, they did.I thought (mental process of creating an image, sound, concept, or experience triggered by a referent or symbol) everyday would be a better day at school because some people would be positive towards me, but before I changed my lifestyle it was wishful thinking. Going to school every day was fun most of the time until someone had to say something cruel. I disagree wit h the statement words can’t hurt, because they do. Why do people say words don’t hurt, and how exactly are people hurt by those negative remarks? If words don’t hurt, then why do African-Americans get mad when called â€Å"negro†?All through middle school, I was called â€Å"rat boy† for some odd reason. One person told me it didn’t matter because I didn’t have to listen to them. It was hard to do this through my middle school life. It aggravated me and I wanted to move away and go into a deep state of isolation. Finally in eighth grade, most of my peers saw that it made me angry and they quit. It doesn’t matter the type of person you are, I was a three sport athlete that had good grades and still got made fun of. Over the years, my peers have changed. I got into my college classes and my life became pleasant once again.I met a guy at my best friend’s house that thought I was funny and we connected. Being African America n, he is known as a â€Å"Negro† and knew how I felt when I was called â€Å"rat boy†. I grew up being told negative thoughts about my size. This guy not only makes me feel good about myself on the outside, but has helped me find the little girl who was still lost inside a body full of happiness. I would use profanity (words considered obscene, blasphemous, irreverent, rude, or insensitive) to get other's attention, and not realize it how uglier I sounded.I did it to try and fit in and only made it worse. Since words can hurt people, who started the whole false idea about how they don’t hurt? Words can upset you physically or emotionally or you’ll never forget what the bully said to you. I remember back when I was in first grade, one of the other kids at recess called me small fry; he was older than me and thus bigger. I was angry towards him that whole school year, and it still makes me mad when people call me small fry or short.I was around seven when i t happened, I’m twenty-one now, and I still get disgusted by that kid. In my case I was injured emotionally and I never forgot how much it hurt me. Since then my size has changed, but it is very unbalanced. People now are different and don’t vilify me anymore. All through my education at public schools, I have been ridiculed about my size. Being a junior in college and five foot seven inches, I’m considered average. This time in life I can honestly say, I haven’t encountered bullies near as much.It may have been because I took what was being thrown in my face and changed myself. I try to have a healthier lifestyle, by eating healthier and exercising more frequently. Out of all the names I was called, the two previously mentioned made me upset the most. I’m writing about this to show that I have struggled with my self-esteem because of the names I was labeled. People need to change in order for the remarks to stop completely. To conclude this writin g assignment, I myself disagree with words can’t hurt you because in truth they do.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Darkness be my friend essays

Darkness be my friend essays Setting: This book is set in fairly modern times about 1990. I know this because the teenagers speak the same way my friends and I do and dress just like people do now. I also know this because of the way they describe the country town they live in. It sounds just like the average country town in our time. I think it is set is in a country town in Australia away from the cities. I think this because of the way the place Hell is described and the way the teenagers talk like Aussies. It also says that it is Australia. When they are in New Zealand Iain asks if they will go back to Australia to help them. I think it is very important where it is set because if it were set in America or another place it would be a lot harder to be invaded. For one reason America and other places have massive armies compared to Australia and could defend their country. Another reason is that there is a much bigger population in America and other places and they would need hundreds more soldiers to patrol areas. Another reason I think it is very important where it is set is that if it was set in another country the place Hell would be described differently because Australia is the only place I know that has such amazing land features and such amazing landscapes. If it was described differently the whole book wouldnt make you feel the way you do when you read it and you wouldnt get the eerie feeling you get when they are in Hell. Plot: Darkness, Be My Friend is the fourth book in John Marsdens series consisting of Tomorrow, When the War Began, The Dead of the Night and The Third Day, The Frost, in which seven teenagers are in the middle of a violent war. Ellie, Fi, Kevin, Lee, Homer, Robyn and Corrie go camping to a remote part of their district. They find their way into a remote valley surrounded by dangerous cliffs and difficult terrain, where they are completely safe and cut off from the...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

How to Join Your High School’s Student Council

How to Join Your High School’s Student Council SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Thinking about joining student council? You should be! It's a great way to make friends and gain leadership experience, especially if your interested in politics. However, it can alsorequire a significant time commitment. What is student council and what duties will you have as a member? How do you join? Should you join? I'll answer these questions and more below! What Is Student Council? Student Council, sometimes called Student Government, is the elected governing body at your high school. The group is composed entirely of students; often they have a faculty adviser. Typically (though this may vary slightly by high school/region), each grade level has itsown grade-level council (i.e. freshman student council, sophomore student council,junior student council, and senior student council). Usually, each grade-level council has their own faculty adviser.The grade-level councils typically plan and execute grade level specific programs (such as creatinga class t-shirt, organizing a class fundraiser, planning the class float for the Homecoming parade, etc.). Additionally, there is usually a school-wide student governmentthatplans and executes programs for the entire school (such as Homecoming Week or a school-wide fundraiser). The school-wide council typically has itsown faculty adviser but still gets assistance with itsevents from the grade-level councils. Think of the individual grades as individual states with their own governments, but they all fall under one country (school) and one federal government (the school-wide student council).I’ve created the chart below as a visual reference of this hierarchy. Additionally, I’ve listed the typical positions available on each council. What Do Student Council Members Do? In this section, I’ll discuss the general responsibilities of all members. I'll then go on to discuss the duties of specific officers (President vs. Secretary, etc.). Duties for All Members All student government membersare responsible for attending meetings (usually weekly, though the specifics will vary from school to school). If you’re on a grade-level council, you’ll likely have meetings both with your grade-level council and the school-wide council. These weekly meetings include all members of the council as well as the faculty adviser. At these weekly meetings, members brainstorm events they'd like to plan and divvy up the tasks.Occasionally (typically once or twice each school year), the grade-level student councils will hold an open meeting to allow their classmates to come and voice their concerns or suggest ideas. As I said above, members of the grade-level councils are responsible for planning and executing grade-level specific programs(such as creatinga class t-shirtororganizingJunior Prom).Members of the school-wide council plan and execute programs for the entire school (such as Homecoming Week or a school-wide fundraiser). In addition, members of grade-specific councils are responsible for assisting the school-wide council in planning and running major school-wide events such as the Homecoming parade, Homecoming dance, and pep rallies. Typically, senior student governmentmembers have an obligation aftergraduating from high school:planning your high school reunions. What Are the Position Specific Duties? I’ll go down the hierarchy. The duties of each position remain the same whether it’s for the freshman council or school-wide council. As I said above, every member is responsible for attending meetings and helping make school events happen. The duties listed below are the additionalduties for each position. President:Responsible for planning and running meetings (i.e. creating meeting itineraries, facilitating discussions), delegating tasks (i.e. deciding who on the council will be in charge of finding someone to design the class t-shirt, who will be responsible for finding a company to print the t-shirt), and for holding people accountable (i.e. making sure people complete their assigned tasks). 1st / 2nd Vice President:Responsible for assisting the president (i.e. running meetings in their absence, making sure people are completing assigned tasks, etc.) Secretary:Responsible for taking notes at all meetings and emailing those notes to all council members. Treasurer:Responsible for budgeting and managing money (i.e. collecting money when selling tickets for Homecoming, depositing that money into the proper account, keeping records). HowCan You Join Student Council? To be in student government, you need to be elected.Elections for freshman student council typically happen at the beginning of the school year, in the fall.Elections for sophomore, junior, senior, and school-wide student councils typically happen near the end of the school year before summer vacation.You usually have to sign up to run. Make sure to talk to the front office at your school and askhow to sign up to run for student government. If you’re trying to run for a position for the first time (i.e. you’ve never held a position on student council at your high school before, whether as a freshman, sophomore, junior or senior), I recommend first trying to run for what are considered smaller positions:treasurer or secretary.There is usually less competition for these positions, which will make it more likely that you’ll be elected.Additionally, while these positions are considered smaller, you have the same responsibility as the president or VP,to help plan and execute great events. If you hope to be class president someday, you can prove yourself in a smaller position and then run for bigger positions in future elections.I started as my freshman treasurer, then became sophomore VP, then junior class president, and I becameStudent Government President my senior year.No matter what position you run for, how you campaign is important. Youonly need onetip to win your campaign... The Most Important Campaign Tip:Make Sure People Know (and Trust) You! Plain and simple, you will not win your campaign if only tenpeople know who you are.You will also likely not win if your entire grade knows you, but onlyas the person failing all of your classes or the person who doesn’t take anything seriously (aka class clown).To win the campaign, you need to make sure people know you and trust you. How do you get people to know you?If your school allows it, make posters, stickers, pencils, etc. with your name on it.The size of the posters doesn’t matter, butthe quantity does.It’s better to print 50 posters on printer paper than to make 10 on fancyposterboard.You want people to see your name so that they can talk to their friends about you andtry to figure out who you are before election day. Next, start to develop your campaign platform or main focus. Why do you want to be on student council?Do you want to improve school dances? Do you want to have a wider variety of school lunch options? Create a class field trip? Start a fundraiser? Having a focused platform will help you seem trustworthy and will help you stay motivated. Now you have to spread your message.During your lunch period, you should not be sitting down; instead, walk around the cafeteriaorcampus. Introduce yourself! Hand out pencils and stickers.Talking to people is your best weapon.Tell them about yourself and why you want to be part of student government. Ask them what events they’d like to see planned this year or what ideas they have. However, you don't want to annoy other students (if you do, you definitely won't get elected), so try to cap yourself at 2-3 minutes of chatting, and then move on to another group. How do you get people to trust you?This is amore difficult task. Talking to people and asking about their ideas will help build some trust.To continue to build trust, you need to show your competence in the classroom.Make sure you’re known as the person who does all of their homework, gets good grades, engages in class discussions, etc.Don’t be known as the person who is always late to classor on their cell phone. How to Ace Your Campaign Speech Some schools allowcampaign speeches (mine didn't!). Speeches provide you with another opportunity to show that you're trustworthy. Here are my bullet points for a good campaign speech: Introduce yourself (It may seem obvious, but it will helpstudentswho may not know you). â€Å"Hi, I’m John Doe, and I’m running for sophomore class secretary.† Say why you want to be on student counciland why you’re qualified. Your qualifications will bea combination of personal characteristics and past experiences and successes. â€Å"I'm an excellent note-taker. I served as drama club secretary.† State your campaign platform or main focus. â€Å"I want to plan a class trip to Disney.† Explainhow you plan to accomplish your goals. â€Å"I will raise the money for the class trip by hosting a school-wide hot dog eating contest.† End with your name(again,it'll helpstudentswho may not know you). â€Å"Remember, vote for John Doeforsophomore class secretary.† These should be the main points you hit, but also try to inject some humor into your speech to make it more entertaining.Your speech should NOT be too long (I’d recommend 2-3 minutes maximum).Make it brief or you’ll lose your audience. What Are the Benefits of Joining Student Council? By joining the student government, you’re able to influence your high school.You can start new events and fundraisers.For example, as student government president, I started a donation drive to collect used prom dresses for a non-profit called Becca’sCloset.If there are things that bother you about your school thatyou'd like to improve, student council gives you an opportunity to do so.If you hated the Homecoming dance last year, you can plan a better event.Instead of having the Homecoming dance in your gym, you can move it to a hotel ballroom. If you dislike school lunches, you can try to change the menu. Student governmentalso gives you agreat leadership experience to discuss on your college application.Colleges like to see leadership experience and involvement on your resume.It shows that you can get involved in your school and improve things, which makes colleges think that hopefully you would do the same at their school. Be aware that there are potential drawbacks to joining student council.You might get blamed or criticized if people don’t enjoy your events.Nothing is worse than the class t-shirt. Someone is always unhappy and doesn’t like the design. People get this upset, SERIOUSLY. Should You Join Student Council? If you’re truly interested in planning school events and organizing fundraisers, then YES!If you’re just looking for another activity on your resume, then NO!Colleges aren’t looking for students with a laundry list of activities on their resume.Colleges are looking for students who do one thing and who do it VERY well.For more on this, read our article, How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League, by a Harvard Alum. If you love the idea of improving your school, then make student council your main extracurricular.Don’t be a mediocre student governmentmember! To be an effective member of student council, make sure you have the time to commit to it. You'll want to have at least fivehours per week to dedicate to student council. Plan ononehour for meetings and fourhours for event planning or executing events. Be on time to meetings and events. Show up to meetings with ideas for events. Take charge of event planning. Try to plan the best events your school has ever had.Plan new amazing fundraisers!Try to make real positive changes at your school! What’s Next? Interested in learning about other great extracurricular opportunities? Learn more about job shadowing, community service, and volunteer abroad programs. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Monday, November 4, 2019

The financial support for SME's and their development role in Saudi Dissertation

The financial support for SME's and their development role in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example Recently, Saudi Arabian government has started to give importance to its SME sector in order to improve domestic competitiveness. In such context, research finding of this paper will help the policy makers to take their decisions more strategically. Very few researchers have tried to understand the problems of SMEs in Saudi Arabia in quantitative manner hence findings of this research paper will shed light on a much neglected area in literature regarding SMEs. SMEs in Saudi Arabia are facing problems regarding accessing financial support from financial organization and lack of talented human resource pool. Biased and un-cooperating government policy has also decreased the competitiveness of SMEs in Saudi Arabia. In this paper, the researcher has taken subjective measures instead of objective view to answer the research questions. Secondary data analysis on the basis of backed by accessing various types of secondary data sources such as books, academic journals, online journals etc. S imple mathematical and arithmetic measures are used in order to treat the data and extract valid information from the raw data. However, major limitation associated with this paper is its inability conduct the analysis by using complex predictive and inferential statistical techniques. Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Jen Magson who is the research method lecturer and has helped me immensely in preparing the research design for this research paper. Without the support of Amanda Smith who is EAP lecturer, I would not be able to complete this research paper hence I am grateful to these two lecturers for giving me the opportunity work on this project. It would never be possible for me to accomplish this project without their immense support and pedagogy. Table of Contents Table of Contents 4 1. Introduction 6 2. Literature Review 6 2.1 Small and Medium Enterprises 7 2.2 Financial Support for SMEs 7 2.3 Developmental Role of SMEs 8 2.4 Conclusion 9 3. Res earch Questions 9 4. Results, analysis & discussion 9 4.1. Methodology 9 4.2 Introduction 10 4.3 Qualitative Analysis 10 4.4 Quantitative Analysis 14 5. Conclusion & Recommendation 24 5.1 Limitation 25 Appendices 29 Appendix 1: Questionnaire 29 Words Count- 4978 List of Figures Figure No. Name of the Figure Page No. 1 Distribution of Age of Respondents 16 2 Business Segment of Respondents 17 3 Financial Support to Start Business 18 4 Number of Employees 19 5 Annual Turnover 20 6 Difficulties 21 7 Duration of Business 22 8 Response Distribution for Question 8 23 9 Response Distribution for Question 9 23 10 Response Distribution for Question 10 24 List of Tables Table No. Table Name Page No. 1 Distribution of Age of Respondents 15 1. Introduction Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the development of any economy. Port (2010) highlighted that the mushrooming of these small organizations therefore creates the desired multiplier impact on the level of employment as well as economic progress made in the country. Despite their importance, SMEs, however, lack the required financial support in order to expand in size and contribute more towards the economic progress of the country (Hertog, 2010). Isenberg (2011) has stressed on the fact that role of SME in developing economy increases in manifold manner for those countries where scope for other large and capital intensive industries is small. Szabo (2006) has pointed out that

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Film - Essay Example She’s an elegant and beautiful girl but with a tomboy attitude and dress sense as a result of being brought up by her father and older brother, after her mother died giving birth to her. She’s frequently seen dressed in Samurai warrior attire and rarely if ever in the traditional woman’s kimono dress. Despite some of her stronger and feistier attributes, however, she is nonetheless gentle, kind and honest. The Empress is really the antagonist here although at first it seems like it may be her son, Emperor Wu. She is a strong leader and comes across at first as wise yet firm. However, despite her soft spot for her son, the Empress Shuang is hard and cruel. She is ruled by ancient social traditions and beliefs and any sign of kindness is swamped by this. Again, she is an elegant woman but her fury makes her appear ugly and After a change in the plot the protagonist has to make a new decision to achieve the goal and restore the world to some form of balance (Aside from the new relationship she has with Emperor Wu, Jiao mission is still important. However, Jiao’s heritage is discovered but her secret mission remains secret. She now must carry out an alternative plan in order to complete the mission she’s been assigned to). The year is 202 BC. Dwelling in rural China is a flourishing tribe derived from the Manchu. They are a self sufficient community that focus their efforts on farming and martial arts and traditions. They dress in traditional clothing rich in texture and colour and each and every citizen of the tribe dedicated their lives to maintaining the prosperity and ongoing happiness of the tribe. They are led by a man named Delun. He is a wise man with a greatest devotion and commitment to his people. Over the past few years Delun had led his tribe through the unification of Middle China and into the Han Dynasty with reasonable success. But now China was approaching a time where Delun